What is Processes

Process is kind of program or task carried out by your PC. For e.g.
$ ls -lR

Process defined as:
"A process is program (command given by user) to perform specific Job. In Linux when we start process, it gives a number to process (called PID or process-id), PID starts from 0 to 65535."

As We know Linux is multi-user, multitasking Os. It means we can run more than two process simultaneously if we wish. For e.g. To find how many files do we have on your system we may give command like:

$ ls / -R | wc -l
This command will take lot of time to search all files on your system. So we can run such command in Background or simultaneously by giving command like

$ ls / -R | wc -l &
The ampersand (&) at the end of command tells shells start process (ls / -R | wc -l) and run it in background takes next command immediately.
Process & PID defined as:
"An instance of running command is called process and the number printed by shell is called process-id (PID), this PID can be use to refer specific running process."

Following tables most commonly used command(s) with process:

For this purpose	Use this Command	Examples*
To see currently running process	ps	$ ps
To stop any process by PID i.e. to kill process	kill    {PID}	$ kill  1012
To stop processes by name i.e. to kill process	killall   {Process-name}	$ killall httpd
To get information about all running process	ps -ef	$ ps -ef
To stop all process except your shell	kill 0	$ kill 0
For background processing (With &, use to put particular command and program in background)	linux-command  &	$ ls / -R | wc -l &
To see if a particular process is running or not. For this purpose you have to use ps command in combination with the grep command	ps -ef | grep  process-U-want-to see	For e.g. you want to see whether Apache web server process is running or not then give command$ ps -ef | grep httpd
To see currently running processes and other information like memory and CPU usage with real time updates.	top See the output of top command.	$ top Note that to exit from top command press q.

Pipes

A pipe is a way to connect the output of one program to the input of another program without any temporary file.

Pipe Defined as:
"A pipe is nothing but a temporary storage place where the output of one command is stored and then passed as the input for second command. Pipes are used to run more than two commands ( Multiple commands) from same command line."

Syntax:
command1 | command2

Filter

If a Linux command accepts its input from the standard input and produces its output on standard output is know as a filter. A filter performs some kind of process on the input and gives output. For e.g.. Suppose you have file called 'hotel.txt' with 100 lines data, And from 'hotel.txt' you would like to print contains from line number 20 to line number 30 and store this result to file called 'hlist' then give command:
$ tail +20 < hotel.txt | head -n30 >hlist
Here head command is filter which takes its input from tail command (tail command start selecting from line number 20 of given file i.e. hotel.txt) and passes this lines as input to head, whose output is redirected to 'hlist' file.
Consider one more following example
$ sort < sname | uniq > u_sname
Here uniq is filter which takes its input from sort command and passes this lines as input to uniq; Then uniqs output is redirected to "u_sname" file.

 Example :-
-bash-3.00$ ls -lrt
total 5828
-rwxrwxrwx   1 qa1      qa       1350256 Jun 11  2010 opx_PAR_ERI_720
-rwxrwxrwx   1 qa1      qa       1597852 Jun 22 03:20 opx_PAR_ERI_6as
-rwxrwxrwx   1 qa1      qa            91 Aug  8 07:16 Din
-rwxrwxrwx   1 qa1      qa            26 Aug  8 07:19 sname
-bash-3.00$ for i in $(ls -lrt)
> do
> echo $i
> done
total
5828
-rwxrwxrwx
1
qa1
qa
1350256
Jun
11
2010
opx_PAR_ERI_720
-rwxrwxrwx
1
qa1
qa
1597852
Jun
22
03:20

-bash-3.00$ IFS="
> "
-bash-3.00$ for i in $(ls -lrt); do echo $i; done
total 5828
-rwxrwxrwx   1 qa1      qa       1350256 Jun 11  2010 opx_PAR_ERI_720
-rwxrwxrwx   1 qa1      qa       1597852 Jun 22 03:20 opx_PAR_ERI_6as
-rwxrwxrwx   1 qa1      qa            91 Aug  8 07:16 Din
-rwxrwxrwx   1 qa1      qa            26 Aug  8 07:19 sname
-rwxrwxrwx   1 qa1      qa            26 Aug  8 07:21 sorted_name
-rwxrwxrwx   1 qa1      qa            26 Aug  8 07:23 cap_names
-rwxrwxrwx   1 qa1      qa            26 Aug  8 07:26 new_sorted_names
-rwxrwxrwx   1 qa1      qa            44 Aug  8 07:50 er

Unix : I/O Redirection

There are three main redirection symbols >,>>,<
1) Linux-command > filename
eg:-

$ ls > myfiles
Now if 'myfiles' file exist in your current directory it will be overwritten without any type of warning.

2) Linux-command >> filename 
 eg:-
$ date >> myfiles 
To output Linux-commands result (output of command or shell script) to END of file. Note that if file exist , it will be opened and new information/data will be written to END of file, without losing previous information/data, And if file is not exist, then new file is created.

3) Linux-command < filename
eg:-
$ cat < myfiles 
To take input to Linux-command from file instead of key-board. For e.g. To take input for cat command give 


$cat > sname
vivek
ashish
zebra
babu
Press CTRL + D to save.

$ sort < sname > sorted_names
$ cat sorted_names
ashish
babu
vivek
zebra

$ tr "[a-z]" "[A-Z]" < sname > cap_names
$ cat cap_names
VIVEK
ASHISH
ZEBRA
BABU

tr command is used to translate all lower case characters to upper-case letters. It take input from sname file, and tr's output is redirected to cap_names file 

For sorting in descending order:-
$ sort -r 


 
 

Why Command Line arguments required

1. Telling the command/utility which option to use.
2. Informing the utility/command which file or group of files to process (reading/writing of files). 

To run two command with one command line.
Syntax:
command1;command2

$ date;who

Get input from keyboard and store to a variable.

-bash-3.00$  vi Din
echo "Enter The Number : "
read num
echo "Square of your number is `expr $num \* $num` "

bash-3.00$ chmod +x *
-bash-3.00$ ./Din
Enter The Number :
4
Square of your number is 16

Use of  bc command:-
-bash-3.00$ bc
scale=2
10 / 3
3.33
scale=5
10 / 3
3.33333


OR

-bash-3.00$ echo "scale=2" > myfile
-bash-3.00$ echo "5 / 2" >> myfile
-bash-3.00$ bc < myfile
2.50

UNIX : Quotes

There are three types of quotes

Quotes	Name	Meaning
"	Double Quotes	"Double Quotes" - Anything enclose in double quotes removed meaning of that characters (except \ and $).
'	Single quotes	'Single quotes' - Enclosed in single quotes remains unchanged.
`	Back quote	`Back quote` - To execute command

Example:
-bash-3.00$  echo "Today is date"
Today is date
-bash-3.00$ echo "Today is `date`".
Today is Friday,  5 August 2011 05:49:13 IST.
-bash-3.00$ echo "sum is `expr 2 + 3` "
sum is 5


By default in Linux if particular command/shell script is executed, it return two type of values which is used to see whether command or shell script executed is successful or not.
(1) If return value is zero (0), command is successful.
(2) If return value is nonzero, command is not successful or some sort of error executing command/shell script.
This value is know as Exit Status

To determine this exit Status you can use $? special variable of shell.

-bash-3.00$ rm unknowfile
unknow1file: No such file or directory
-bash-3.00$ echo $?
2
-bash-3.00$ ls
d                Din.sh           opx_PAR_ERI_6as
dev              first            opx_PAR_ERI_720
-bash-3.00$ echo $?
0
-bash-3.00$ expr 1 + 3
4
-bash-3.00$ echo $?
0

Unix : Display colorful text on screen

Parameter	Meaning	Example
0	Sets default color scheme (White foreground and Black background), normal intensity, no blinking etc.
1	Set BOLD intensity	$ echo -e "I am \033[1m BOLD \033[0m Person"I am BOLD Person Prints BOLD word in bold intensity and next ANSI Sequence remove bold effect (\033[0m)
2	Set dim intensity	$ echo -e "\033[1m  BOLD \033[2m DIM  \033[0m"
5	Blink Effect	$ echo -e "\033[5m Flash!  \033[0m"
7	Reverse video effect i.e. Black foreground and white background in default color scheme	$ echo -e "\033[7m Linux OS! Best OS!! \033[0m"
11	Shows special control character as graphics character. For e.g. Before issuing this command press alt key (hold down it) from numeric key pad press 178 and leave both key; nothing will be printed. Now give --> command shown in example and try the above, it works. (Hey you must know extended ASCII Character for this!!!)	$ press alt + 178 $ echo -e "\033[11m" $ press alt + 178 $ echo -e "\033[0m" $ press alt + 178
25	Removes/disables blink effect
27	Removes/disables reverse effect
30 - 37	Set foreground color 31 - RED 32 - Green xx - Try to find yourself this left as exercise for you :-)	$ echo -e "\033[31m I am in Red"
40 - 47	Set background color xx - Try to find yourself this left as exercise for you :-)	$ echo -e "\033[44m Wow!!!"

UNIX : echo Command

Use echo command to display text or value of variable.
echo [options] [string, variables...]
Displays text or variables value on screen.
Options
-e Enable interpretation of the following backslash escaped characters in the strings:
\b backspace
\c suppress trailing new line
\n new line
\r carriage return
\t horizontal tab
\\ backslash
For e.g. $ echo -e "Everyday is not \a\t\tSunday\n"

expr 20 %3 - Remainder read as 20 mod 3 and remainder is 2.
expr 10 \* 3 - Multiplication use \* and not * since its wild card.

ls Command:-

-bash-3.00$ ls *
d                dev              Din              first            myfile           opx_PAR_ERI_6as  opx_PAR_ERI_720

-bash-3.00$ ls [def]*
d      dev    first

-bash-3.00$ ls [d-f]*
d      dev    Din    first

$ ls ?

will show all files whose names are 1 character long

$ ls fo?

will show all files whose names are 3 character long and file name begin with fo.

$ ls /bin/[!a-o]
$ ls /bin/[^a-o]
If the first character following the [ is a ! or a ^ ,then any character not enclosed is matched i.e. do not show us file name that beginning with a,b,c,e...o.

Developer's Choice: Shell Script :

Developer's Choice: Shell Script :: "' Shell Script is series of command written in plain text file . Shell script is just like batch file is MS-DOS but have more power than..."

Shell Script :

"Shell Script is series of command written in plain text file. Shell script is just like batch file is MS-DOS but have more power than the MS-DOS batch file."

Use of Shell Script

• Shell script can take input from user, file and output them on screen.
• Useful to create our own commands.
• Save lots of time.
• To automate some task of day today life.

We may find all running process by using:-
        $ ps ef
                                         
Find process with the specific_name(For eg- process-name)
       $ ps ef | grep process-name

UNIX : KERNEL

What Kernel Is?
Kernel is heart of Linux Os.
It manages resource of Linux Os. Resources means facilities available in Linux. For e.g. Facility to store data, print data on printer, memory, file management etc .

Kernel decides who will use this resource, for how long and when. It runs your programs (or set up to execute binary files).

The kernel acts as an intermediary between the computer hardware and various programs/application/shell.
                 

It's Memory resident portion of Linux. It performance following task :-

I/O management
Process management
Device management
File management
Memory management

Linux Shell  
Computer understand the language of 0's and 1's called binary language.
In early days of computing, instruction are provided using binary language, which is difficult for all of us, to read and write. So in Os there is special program called Shell. Shell accepts your instruction or commands in English (mostly) and if its a valid command, it is pass to kernel.
Shell is a user program or it's environment provided for user interaction. Shell is an command language interpreter that executes commands read from the standard input device (keyboard) or from a file.
Shell is not part of system kernel, but uses the system kernel to execute programs, create files etc.

Types Of Shell
BASH ( Bourne-Again SHell )
CSH (C SHell)
KSH (Korn SHell)
TCSH

Note that each shell does the same job, but each understand a different command syntax and provides different built-in functions.
Any of the above shell reads command from user (via Keyboard or Mouse) and tells Linux Os what users want. If we are giving commands from keyboard it is called command line interface ( Usually in-front of $ prompt, This prompt is depend upon your shell and Environment that you set or by your System Administrator, therefore you may get different prompt ).
To find your current shell type following command
$ echo $SHELL

SQL SERVER

FIND NAME OF DATABASE IN SQL SERVER

select * from sys.databases

FIND NAME OF TABLES IN DATABASE

use DATABASE_NAME
go
select * from sys.tables
go

FETCH DATA FROM A TABLE

SELECT * FROM TABLE_NAME

FTP : File Transfer from Local System to Server

Step 1 : Open Command Prompt
Step 2 : Go to Source Directory
Step 3 : ftp Ip_Adddress(For eg: ftp 192.168.99.53)
Step 4 : login Credentials
Step 5 : Go to Destination Directory
Step 6 : bin
Step 7 : mput (OR mget)
Step 8 : bye

REMARK : "mput" and "mget" is used to transfer multiple file from source to destination and destination to source directory respectively.
("put" and "get" command can be used for single file transfer )

XML encoding list

XML encoding list
[96264 urls; 154 unique values]

Popularity	Value	Frequency
1	iso-8859-1	54572
2	utf-8	27052
3	iso-8859-2	3919
4	shift_jis	2464
5	utf-16	1688
6	windows-1251	1291
7	windows-1250	1127
8	iso-8859-9	832
9	windows-1252	731
10	euc-jp	668
11	iso-8859-15	615
12	us-ascii	181
13	big5	155
14	gb2312	148
15	windows-1257	84
16	windows-1255	78
17	iso-2022-jp	54
18	iso-8859-7	49
19	windows-1256	44
20	iso-8859-13	38
21	utf8	32
22	\"utf-8\"	28
23	tis-620	26
24	shift-jis	19
25	koi8-r	19
26	euc-kr	16
27	windows-1254	14
28	charset=iso-8859-1	13
29	iso8859-1	13
30	\"iso-8859-1\"	12
31	latin1	12
32	cp1251	11
33	iso 8859-15	10
34	x-sjis	9
35	"windows-1252"	9
36	iso 8859-1	9
37	windows-874	7
38	iso8859-2	6
39	charset	6
40	iso-8859-8-i	6
41	gbk	6
42	iso-8859-4	6
43	windows-1253	5
44	\"iso-8859-2\"	4
45	windows-31j	4
46	win-1250	4

Windows NT startup process

The Windows NT startup process is the process by which Microsoft's Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 operating systems initialize.

Boot Sequence

• Upon POWER ON, the CPU runs the instruction located at the memory location 0xFFFF0 of the BIOS.
• 0xFFFF0 contains a JUMP Instruction pointing to the BIOS start-up program, which then runs the POST to check & initialize required devices.
• The BIOS checks a pre-configured list of Non-Volatile Storage Devices (Boot Device Sequence)
• A bootable device has the last 2 bytes of the first sector containing 0xAA55 (Boot Signature)
• Once identified, BIOS loads the Boot Sector contents (from MBR in case of a HDD) to memory & transfers execution control to the boot code.
• MBR Code looks for a bootable partition from its Partition Table.
• The MBR code loads the boot sector code from that partition and executes it.
• The Boot Sector Code is mostly OS Specific which loads and executes the OS Kernel.
• If no Active Partition or invalid Active Partition Boot Sector, the MBR loads a secondary Loader to select the partition via user input.

From that point, the boot process continues as follows:

An NTLDR file, located in the root folder of the boot disk, is composed of two parts. The first is the StartUp module and immediately followed by the OS loader (osloader.exe), both stored within that file. When NTLDR is loaded into memory and control is first passed to StartUp module, the CPU is operating in real mode. StartUp module's main task is to switch the processor into protected mode, which facilitates 32-bit memory access, thus allowing it to create the initial Interrupt descriptor table, Global Descriptor Table, page tables and enable paging. This provides the basic operating environment on which the operating system will build. StartUp module then loads and launches OS loader.

Disable/Enable Windows default debugger Dr. Watson

If you feel it's useless for you anyway, just follow these steps to turn off.

1.Go to Start Menu -->> Run and type regedit.exe then press Enter.

2.Browse to the following registry. HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\AeDebug

3.Click the AeDebug key, and then click Export Registry File on the Registry menu. Save the file and remember it.

4.Then you can delete the AeDebug key.
 

That's it! Whenever any programs crash again, Windows won't ask you whether you want to send data to Microsoft or not.

If you change your mind and want to enable Dr. Watson back. It's easy.

* Double-click the file you save in step 3.
* And then go to Start -->> Run -->> cmd.exe
* At the command prompt, type drwtsn32 -i